Extreme heat threatens Bangladesh workers’ incomes, report warns

Climate-driven extreme heat is reducing incomes and increasing healthcare costs in Bangladesh, placing millions of households under a growing double financial burden, according to a new global report released today.

The report, Heat, Health and the Increasing Costs of Living – A Call for Action, published by adelphi global, identifies Bangladesh as one of the countries most vulnerable to the combined economic impacts of climate-driven extreme heat.

Alongside India and Nigeria, Bangladesh faces some of the highest risks as widespread informal employment, increasing health costs and limited social protection leave millions of households highly exposed, the report said.

The analysis found that workers in Bangladesh’s agriculture and construction sectors could lose the equivalent of 23.75 working days every year because of heat stress by 2030.

These sectors already experience some of the country’s highest productivity losses, with working-hour losses expected to increase from 6.28% today to 9.58% by 2030 under a low-emissions climate scenario.

Across all sectors, annual working-hour losses are projected to rise from 4.24% to 4.84%, the report said.

The losses translate directly into reduced incomes for millions of workers, particularly those employed informally without paid leave, health insurance or income protection.

The report also highlighted Bangladesh’s heavy dependence on out-of-pocket healthcare spending.

In 2023, 79.3% of the country’s total health expenditure was paid directly by households, one of the highest rates among all countries examined.

Annual per capita out-of-pocket medical spending has increased by more than 830% since 2000, placing growing financial pressure on families already struggling with climate-related income losses, according to the report.

Bangladesh is projected to remain among the world’s most heat-exposed countries over the coming decades.

The report said most of the country will experience high to very high humidity-based heat risk between 2020 and 2039, with between 183 and 239 days each year exceeding 30°C in many areas.

During extreme heatwaves, productivity losses in some sectors could reach up to 50%, further threatening livelihoods and economic stability.

The report warned that the impacts are particularly severe because Bangladesh’s labour market is dominated by informal employment.

Nearly all women working in agriculture are employed informally, while informal employment remains extremely high across construction and other heat-exposed sectors.

Without social protection, every lost working hour immediately translates into lost income, the report said.

Beyond individual households, extreme heat is also imposing substantial economic costs on Bangladesh.

The country lost an estimated US$24 billion in labour income and productivity due to extreme heat in 2024, equivalent to approximately 5% of national GDP, according to the report.

Recurrent electricity shortages during heatwaves further compound the impacts by exposing workers, factory employees and households to dangerous indoor temperatures while limiting access to cooling.

The report said Bangladesh can no longer treat climate adaptation, public health and labour protection as separate policy areas.

It called for a coordinated approach that places people at the centre of climate adaptation.

Among its key recommendations, the report urged governments to strengthen public health systems to reduce reliance on out-of-pocket healthcare spending, extend social protection and labour protections to workers affected by extreme heat, integrate heat-health risks into national adaptation planning and mobilise climate finance specifically for health and worker protection.

As Bangladesh experiences increasingly frequent and prolonged heatwaves, the report concluded that protecting public health and household incomes must become central priorities within the country’s climate adaptation and development agenda.

Heat, Health and the Increasing Costs of Living – A Call for Action analyses how climate-driven extreme heat is simultaneously reducing incomes and increasing living costs across Bangladesh, Brazil, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Nigeria and South Africa.

The report also provides recommendations for strengthening climate, health and labour policies to protect vulnerable households.